Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria Biosensor Development Based on Modified Gold Electrode with 4-Carboxyphenyl Diazonium Salts for Heavy Metals Toxicity Detection

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Vol. 27, Special Issue, May 2014, pp. 29-38

Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria Biosensor Development Based on Modified Gold Electrode
with 4-Carboxyphenyl Diazonium Salts for Heavy Metals Toxicity Detection

¹ Yosra BRAHAM, ¹ Houcine BARHOUMI, ¹ Abderrazak MAAREF, ² Amina BAKHROUF and ³ Nicole JAFFREZIC-RENAULT

¹ Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA), University of Monastir 5000, Tunisia
² Laboratory of analysis, treatment and valorization of environment pollutants and products, Faculty of Pharmacia, University of Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
³ Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS 5180, University of Claude Bernard-Lyon1, Bâtiment Raulin, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
¹ Tel.: +(216) 73 500 278, fax: +(216) 73 500 280

E-mail: Houcine.Barhoumi@fsm.rnu.tn

Received: 31 December 2012 /Accepted: 10 August 2013 /Published: 26 May 2014

Abstract: In this work we describe a new biosensor for heavy metals detection, based on the immobilization of bacteria, Proteus mirabilis on gold electrode modified with aryl electrografting film. To enhance the stability of the biosystem, additional materials were used such as functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs), cationic (PAH), anionic (PSS) polyelectrolytes, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before the immobilization step, the activity of Proteus mirabilis bacteria in the presence of heavy metals ions was attempted using the ion ammonium selective electrodes (ISEs). The modication of the gold electrodes with the electrochemical reduction of 4- carboxyphenyl diazonium salts to form stable layers for sensing applications was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. The adhesion of the bacteria cell on gold electrode was evaluated using contact angle measurements. The immobilized bacteria-metal interaction was evaluated using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. A notable effect of metal on the bacteria activity is observed in the concentration range from 10^-3 to 1 µM and from 1µM to 1nM for Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺, respectively.

Keywords: Proteus mirabilis bacteria, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, Diazonium salts, Impedance spectroscopy, Gold electrodes, Heavy metals.

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